Kashmir Conflict :: essays research papers

Pakistan censured India on Tuesday for keeping Kashmir dissenter pioneer and Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front boss Yasin Malik and required the arrival of all imprisoned Kashmiri separatists. Malik, an official individual from the dissenter All-Parties Hurriyat Conference, was confined by police on Monday under enemy of psychological oppression law Poto after they captured a lady conveying $100,000 for his gathering. A Pakistan remote service explanation, cited by the authority APP news organization, called the energize bested and said the move mirrored India's "disregard for the crucial rights and freedoms of Kashmiris" and disappointment at neglecting to smother their battle. Police terminated teargas in Srinagar on Tuesday to scatter many demonstrators challenging Malik's capture. The Pakistani explanation encouraged India to "end its repression" in Kashmir, discharge imprisoned Kashmiri separatists and resume gridlocked converses with Pakistan over Kashmir. an advancement following the introduction of fudging of the DNA tests of those killed at Pathribal in Anantnag, specialists from Hyderabad and Kolkata research centers came to here on Monday to gather new blood tests of the family members of the people in question. A four-part group of criminological specialists, two each from Hyderabad and Kolkata, showed up here alongside auditor general of police Jammu P.L. Gupta. Tending to a public interview in Kabul on his first visit to Afghanistan, Musharraf precluded joint tasks with US troops to flush out psychological oppressors covering up in Pakistan. Musharraf was alluding to ongoing assaults in Lahore and Faislabad in the Punjab area, which prompted the capture of about sixty fear based oppressors. Abu Zubaida, a top Al Qaeda official, is suspected to be among those confined. The Pakistani president introduced a check of $10 million in help to Afghanistan's between time pioneer Hamid Karzai. Responding to reports that the Center keeps on keeping down entryway interviews with Hurriyat pioneers, Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah on Tuesday mockingly exhorted the focal government to keep 'spoiling' Hurriyat Conference pioneers. Kashmir Conflict :: articles research papers Pakistan denounced India on Tuesday for confining Kashmir dissident pioneer and Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front boss Yasin Malik and required the arrival of all imprisoned Kashmiri separatists. Malik, an official individual from the rebel All-Parties Hurriyat Conference, was kept by police on Monday under enemy of fear based oppression law Poto after they captured a lady conveying $100,000 for his gathering. A Pakistan outside service articulation, cited by the authority APP news office, called the energize bested and said the move mirrored India's "disregard for the basic rights and freedoms of Kashmiris" and disappointment at neglecting to smother their battle. Police terminated teargas in Srinagar on Tuesday to scatter many demonstrators challenging Malik's capture. The Pakistani articulation asked India to "end its repression" in Kashmir, discharge imprisoned Kashmiri separatists and resume gridlocked chats with Pakistan over Kashmir. an improvement following the introduction of fudging of the DNA tests of those killed at Pathribal in Anantnag, specialists from Hyderabad and Kolkata labs came to here on Monday to gather new blood tests of the family members of the people in question. A four-part group of legal specialists, two each from Hyderabad and Kolkata, showed up here alongside controller general of police Jammu P.L. Gupta. Tending to a question and answer session in Kabul on his first visit to Afghanistan, Musharraf precluded joint tasks with US troops to flush out fear based oppressors stowing away in Pakistan. Musharraf was alluding to ongoing assaults in Lahore and Faislabad in the Punjab area, which prompted the capture of about sixty fear based oppressors. Abu Zubaida, a top Al Qaeda official, is suspected to be among those confined. The Pakistani president introduced a check of $10 million in help to Afghanistan's break head Hamid Karzai. Responding to reports that the Center keeps on keeping down entryway interviews with Hurriyat pioneers, Jammu and Kashmir Chief Minister Farooq Abdullah on Tuesday wryly prompted the focal government to keep 'spoiling' Hurriyat Conference pioneers.

Miscarriages of Justice Free Essays

â€Å"It’s a general issue not explicit to the law of the United Kingdom a criminal equity framework described by an accentuation on wrongdoing control as opposed to fair treatment will unavoidably deliver premature delivery of equity. † In a fictional universe the law would consistently give the right outcomes yet in a genuine world it’s the other way. When they don’t what direction do they will in general fail? What direction would we like to blunder? We need the law to decide in favor of vindicating blameworthy individuals instead of indicting ones. We will compose a custom paper test on Premature deliveries of Justice or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now It is commonly acknowledged that the cost of a reasonable Criminal Justice System will be exoneration on a detail of the individuals who have perpetrated criminal offenses or on account of a disappointment of proof, where as conviction of the honest is rarely satisfactory and should it emerge quick measures ought to be taken to correct the bad form. The criminal law must be implemented proficiently by the offices to police the criminal law. There are two fundamental qualities that impact the criminal Justice System, the wrongdoing control model which centers to liberate society from wrongdoing and the fair treatment model which centers around singular freedoms to be ensured. The wrongdoing control model guarantees that an edified society can shield the entirety of its residents from exploitation by hoodlums. Be that as it may, regardless of whether this has happened is faulty on the grounds that when the Criminal Justice System is tilted more towards wrongdoing control there is an opportunity of an honest individual being sentenced for a wrongdoing he never perpetrated along these lines framing a premature delivery of equity. As of late nations like United Kingdom, America, Canada and Ireland have tilted more towards wrongdoing control mostly in view of the fear based oppressor assaults that shook those countries. Additionally the racial mentality in the police and furthermore in the general public has driven the wrongdoing control to be brutal on the general public. The unsuccessful labors that happen perhaps because of oppressive police rehearses, it might be because of awkward logical proof or the over-dependence of the court on master declaration. Where botches, made by the individuals who include power inside the procedure so this force when manhandled can have basic outcomes. The insurance of honest stays major to the procedure of equity and for some the sole reason, it ought not be total as per Ashworth (1998). The quittance of liable people can likewise be viewed as an unsuccessful labor of equity. The procedure of equity is one set apart by the utilization of organization and individual carefulness, most outstandingly by the police. Both the fair treatment and wrongdoing control models take into account that tact, in spite of the fact that the previous seeks administrative methods for diminishing its utilization and impact. The wrongdoing control model depends on assumption of blame, the acknowledgment that casualties ought to have a bigger number of rights than the charged, conviction that jail and other discipline must be upsetting so as to work, conviction that sentences must be long to ensure people in general and conviction that maintaining control on the road is a higher priority than adhering to the apparent aim of the law. The wrongdoing control model is tied in with centering the motivation behind the Criminal Justice Process on the requests of most of residents who are well behaved. It appears to be evident that the present Criminal Justice Process was intended for the much lower level of wrongdoing that existed previously and is excessively bureaucratic, tedious and wasteful to manage the sheer volume of wrongdoing that currently exists. This framework requests an elevated level of casual reality finding, the case is managed outside of the conventional court setting however much as could be expected. The model appropriately expect that wrongdoers â€Å"rights are less significant than casualty rights and equity is for most of honest residents not for the minority of recurrent guilty parties. This model of equity acknowledges that there will be a couple of variant situations where the honest are indicted, however this is defended by the idea that wrongdoing control overwhelmingly accomplishes more noteworthy's benefit for the lion's share. At the worldwide level unnatural birth cycle of equity is the subject of standards yet its importance is uncertain. Ruler Phillip and Brown assume ‘the man on the road would characterize ‘miscarriage of justice’ as the conviction of the honest. It was expressed in the Court of Appeal instance of Exp. Bateman(1994) that man may characterize the term all the more comprehensively, to incorporate those sentenced when they ought not have been. In nations the policing the law we see that more force has been vested in the police which is one explanation behind the wrongdoing control model to cause premature deliveries of equity. Uncommonly in America after the 9/11 psychological oppressor assault the administration has accepted measures to forestall violations however much as could be expected. The 9/11 assault affected the administration as well as impact the general public to take a gander at individuals an a dubious way. For instance after the 9/11 assault a muslim individual, with his facial hair and his clothing regulation, strolls in the road with a sack on his hand or back, individuals take a gander at him as though he is a fear monger with a bomb. This perspective on society should change for it is society that subjects the police and the legislature to undue weight. In 2005 the fear monger assault in London (7/7) murdered 56 individuals and 700 were harmed. This was the biggest and deadliest psychological oppressor assault in London ever. Plainly law authorization offices powers have increments with the resolutions that have been executed. The Terrorist Act 200 made a capacity to do cover stop and searches. The Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001 presented new powers for the Treasury to freeze fear based oppressor assets and control arranges on psychological oppressor suspects can be forced under the Terrorism Act 2005. The Terrorist Act 2006 enables police to confine fear monger suspects as long as 28 days. The demonstrations gave the police controls as well as it generally helped them abuse it. The Police Reform Act 202 enhancements existing police powers which follow the built up pattern towards expanding forces of law authorization organizations and weakening the protections for the suspect. The ‘war on terror’ is currently a typical component of wrongdoing counteraction and recognition in United Kingdom. Police seem to visit the avenues in far more prominent numbers than they did preceding 9/11 and 7/7 assaults. Progressively over yonder is an issue with regards to an ethnic minority in the law requirement organizations. Nearby people group, where those being policed have felt for certain years that forces controlled by the police have gotten excessively nosy and are being utilized in a prejudicial manner to target specific gatherings inside the network. Research has demonstrated that that Black and Asian individuals are bound to be halted under the arrangements of the Terrorism Act 2000 than white individuals. At the point when police powers are expanded for the insurance of residents from fear monger assault they should be utilized much more cautiously to guarantee that residents don't get as helpless against the police as they do to the psychological militant assault. Anyway expanded forces of policing possibly important to contain the danger of dread and to guarantee national security is kept up. Late cases have indicated that where police and different organizations have committed an error or has been abused their forces there has been a premature delivery of equity. In Dabilola Taylor’s case it was seen how absence of strategies and abilities with respect to the examining officials brought about bringing to equity who executed Dabilola. In Stephen Lawrence case it was demonstrated that there was bigotry in the police power. In Confait it was uncovered that the conviction dependent on admission had been made dependent upon mistreatment. Jean Charles de Menezes was shot by the Metropolitan Police military who accepted he was a fear based oppressor however later discovered he was definitely not. In addition the progressions that include been occurred inside the resolutions additionally may cause an unsuccessful labor of equity. In Sam Hallam’s case the witness’s proof was not conflicting with the previous proof. The long standing guideline at precedent-based law was that where a witness’s declaration in court was conflicting with a past articulation, it couldn't be treated as proof concerning reality of its substance. Juries couldn't assess the substance of such explanations in arriving at their decision. This standard was changed by area 119 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 which currently permits past conflicting articulations to be conceded in proof. Changes and proposals have been executed to lessen the pace of wrongdoing and not let an honest individual be liable of a wrongdoing he never dedicated. The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 came into power The CCRC is accused of evaluating feelings and sentences alluding them to the suitable court in the event that it finds a â€Å"real possibility† that the court will pass judgment on a conviction perilous or a sentence over the top. The CCRC covers England Wales and Northern Ireland and get very nearly 1000 new applications every year. One could state that the usage of the CCRC has been a major effect since it gives the best possible outcome. The CCRC first survey was that of Derek Bentley where the Court of Appeal suppressed the conviction risky, which was a triumph for the commission yet not for Derek Bentley, who was hung route in 1953. The commissions do create great outcome however the truth of the matter is that it requires some investment to convey the merchandise. Numerous changes have been executed as of late have dispensed with or altogether diminished the quantity of unjust feelings emerging because of or allowed in view of careless techniques, quite Police and Criminal Evidence Act and the guidelines on the divulgence of proof by the Crown. As per Roskill report wrongdoing control procedures will in general worry towards The English System has been charactarised here and there by the move from wrongdoing control to fair treatment throughout the last 15-20 years. It is prominent that the general public needs to be liberated from wrongdoing and furthermore they

The Psychology and Methods of Learning

The Psychology and Methods of Learning Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Understanding the Psychology of Learning The Psychology of How We Learn By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on May 07, 2019 Hero Images / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology From the day we are born, we begin a process of learning that lasts throughout life. While there are many ways to define and describe learning, it is typically defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience. Lets explore several different theories of learning. The Power of Associations Youve probably heard of Pavlovs dogs at some point, but many people dont fully understand exactly what this famous research illustrates. Classical conditioning is one of the best-known concepts of behavioral learning theory. In order to understand how people learn, you first need to start by discovering the powerful role that associations can play in the learning process. Discover  more about this process in this introduction to classical conditioning. Classical Conditioning Basics Now that you understand how classical conditioning works, it is also important to understand some of the basic phenomena that also occur during this process. Learn more about acquisition, extinction, and discrimination in this overview of principles of classical conditioning. The Consequences of Behavior Clearly, learning involves a lot more than just learning associations. Direct experience with your environment that results in desirable outcomes or negative outcomes can also shape how and what people learn. Operant conditioning is one of the fundamental concepts in behavioral psychology. This type of learning involves using reinforcement and punishment to either increase or decrease behaviors. Learn more about the effects of rewards and punishments on behavior in this overview of operant conditioning. How Timing Impacts Learning The types of reinforcement use are important, but timing also plays a critical role in how quickly new behaviors are acquired and how strong these new responses are. If you are rewarded for an action so long after it occurred that you are unable to form an association between the two events, for example, then it is unlikely that learning will occur. Learn more about how the timing of reinforcement impacts the speed and strength of responses in this article on schedules of reinforcement. Classical Versus Operant Conditioning Now that weve explored classical conditioning and operant conditioning, do you think you could immediately identify which is which? This can often be a confusing area for many students, but a few basic pointers can help you keep the two processes straight. In a classroom setting, chances are good that your instructor will provide some examples of learning and expect you to identify which type of conditioning is used. Read the following article to learn more about the major differences between classical and operant conditioning. Learning Through Observation You  may have already guessed, but learning does not necessarily require that we personally experience an event or outcome. In some cases, simply watching other people can lead to learning. Psychologist Albert Bandura proposed social learning theory, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning. As you can imagine, a great deal of learning takes place simply by watching the people around us. Learn more about the basic concepts and how the process works by diving into observational learning theory. How Does Observational Learning Actually Work?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Influence on the Declaration of...

The Declaration of Independence is the foundation of America. It contains â€Å"the words that made America,† (Fink, 9). Five of the founding fathers got together and penned this important document. As they penned this document, they were inspired by a number of European philosophers and writers. One of these philosophers was Jean-Jacques Rousseau. â€Å"Jean-Jacques Rousseau played a significant role in three different revolutions: in politics, his work inspired and shaped revolutionary sentiment in the American colonies and France; in philosophy, he proposed radically unsettling ideas about human nature, justice, and progress that disrupted the dominant Enlightenment thinking of the moment and helped to spark the Romantic movement; and in†¦show more content†¦The United States of America was established in the Enlightenment period. No other country has the imprint of this period like the United States. â€Å"The contributions of men like Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson to the founding and development of America and its ideals are inconceivable outside of an Enlightenment context,† (Staloff, 3). The ideals of liberty and equality echos the language of the Enlightenment and conveys the most intense thoughts about the political life and the rights of mankind. It was through this Enlightenment that they wrote the Declaration of Independence and founded the United States of America. Thomas Jefferson was a young delegate to the Continental Congress. He was often consider lively and vivacious among his friends, but in public, he was often soft-spoken and shy. Despite the fact that Jefferson was a quiet man, he was a scholar and skillful writer. This quiet young man was asked by John Adams to write â€Å"the first draft of the statement we know today as the Declaration of Independence—a tough job, since the writer would have to come up with a document that all thirteen colonies could accept,† (Freedman, 62). It has been said that Jefferson tried to get out of writing the first draft. Jefferson thought that Adams should be the one to write it, but Adams refused to give in to Jefferson’sShow MoreRelatedJefferson and Rousseau Influences786 Words   |  4 PagesInfluences Thomas Jefferson considers himself a contributor to the Age of Enlightenment. Through many of his writings he expands on the philosophies of the great European writers of that era - Rousseau, Locke, Hume, and Leibniz. In â€Å"The Declaration of Independence,† Jefferson directly adopts several themes found in the work of French writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Rousseau’s â€Å"The Origin of Civil Society,† provides a foundation for most of Jefferson’s ideas in â€Å"The Declaration of Independence.†Read MoreThe Influence Of The American Revolution And The Enlightenment799 Words   |  4 PagesNeither the United States Constitution, nor the Declaration of Independence, were written in an ideological vacuum. Rather, the ideas expressed by the various philosophers during the century and leading up to the American Revolution had tremendous influence over the Founders of the United States. These ideas came together in the creation of the U.S. constitution, working in tandem to lay the foundation for the way the government should be structured, as well as the core philosophy behind the countryRead MoreEnlightenment : The Age Of Enlightenment And The Enlightenment782 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment of the United States Government. The Declaration of Independence, Constitution Bill of rights and The Federalist Papers were all influenced by important enlightenment ideas of freedom, unavailable rights, and government. Declaration of Independence ideas such as life liberty and property, unavailable rights and inequality were all inspired by John Locke, Thomas Hobbes and, Rousseau ideas.   Thomas Jefferson (writer of the Declaration of Independence) was directly influenced by locke when heRead MoreThe Intellectual Movement of Elightment759 Words   |  3 Pagessystem that limited the power of a king and liked the idea of a government broken into different sections and that each should have some power to control the others. Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that individuals should have certain rights and just like Locke’s ideology, he believed people were good, but were corrupted by society. Rousseau also believed that no government ruled by force was good. Voltaire believed in freedom of thought and respect for all individuals just like the most of major enlightenmentRead MoreJean Jacques Rousseau s Work Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 2015 Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in Geneva on June 28th, 1712. Those who were present had no clue that this child’s life would serve as a catalyst for philosophical and political reform. Rousseau’s writings had so much influence in the 18th century that he â€Å"played a significant role in three different revolutions† (52). In fact his work leaves a legacy so large that you can trace almost all modern revolutions back to his writings. In 1749 Rousseau competed forRead MoreLord Of The Flies Character Analysis Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the Declaration of Independence brought forth notion that of all of humanity is to be acknowledged as equal and are guaranteed rights of life which are to be upheld by the society in which they are apart of. A similar philosophy, along with others, is represented as characters in William Goldings novel Lord of the Flies. Jack, Ralph, and Piggy are three characters created by Golding to investigate the different principles brought forth by philosophers Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-JacquesRead MoreImpact Of Enlightenment On The French Revolution878 Words   |  4 PagesLocke and Rousseau later took up. Locke was a tremendously important political philosopher during the Enlightenment. Many of his ideas and principles were studied and adopted by the founders of America and are evident in documents like the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Locke emphasized the natural freedom of human beings, the equality of all before God, natural law, and government by consent of the governed; and he justified the overthrow of government when it fails. Jean-JacquesRead MoreThe Theories And Beliefs Of The Enlightenment Era1168 Words   |  5 Pagesthis was based on the scientific and technological achievements. However, Rousseau claimed the development of civilization corrupted the natural goodness of humans. The beliefs during the age of Enlightenment were presented that we are creatures with the ability to reason and human nature is essentially good, contributing many ideas. Each Philosopher of the Enlightenment Period with very different works; Diderot, Rousseau, and Voltaire lar gely impacted and influenced the world from the EnlightenmentRead MoreThe French Revolution Vs. Bourgeois Revolution1734 Words   |  7 Pageslongstanding political instability, insurmountable economic debt and disorganization, crop shortage, little ice age, the decrease in food prices, the uncompromising nobility, aristocratic revolution, the new conquering Enlightenment ideologies especially Rousseau, and the surplus of the unsatisfied bourgeois under a weak and indecisive King. In the year 1789, the old ‘ancien regime’ snapped. The French Revolution began and continued for the next twenty-six years. Needless to say, the ideas created and perpetuatedRead MoreImpact Of The Enlightenment On Modern Political Thought1841 Words   |  8 Pagesdictator† (â€Å"Absolutism†), under King Louis XIV but ended up changing to a form of democracy (A.J. Geant). Once the French Revolution, in which the Third Estate was kicked out of the Estates General and then made Th e Tennis Court Oath and later the Declaration of the Rights of Man,  broke out due to weak leadership, France switched to a limited monarchy and democratic government. Louis XVI accepted a position as constitutional monarch, and in 1789, the National Assembly called him the â€Å"restorer of French

Use of Psychology in Fashion Essay - 732 Words

Robert E Reyes The Use of Psychology in Fashion Design Psychology plays a major role in every professional creative field. The art of fashion design is not an exception. Fashion uses psychology in many different ways, from getting customers to purchase clothing, to self-expression in the clothing, to analyzing psychographics in a population to identify a potential target market. First impressions are made largely on how a person’s attire looks, through use of color, fit, and design. Emotions and moods can be evoked through fit and color on a person’s body. All these effects on the human brain and psyche are taken into great consideration when designing garments. Psychographics are used to classify people into like-minded groups.†¦show more content†¦These moods and emotions affect the brain and behavior of the onlooker, causing them to either want or reject the item. Just like personal tastes in art, the consumer uses art as a form of expression and personal taste, hinting to others elements of their personality. As stated before, psychology is a form of self-expression, and a form of visual communication. The way one dresses may put one in a fashion subcategory. These subcategories are thought of as a whole and are subject to judgment and discrimination of sorts. For example, a person with many tattoos and a vintage style of clothing may be viewed as a â€Å"hipster†, and hence the viewer may assume many things of the individual. The fit of garments say many things about oneself. Made-to-fit clothing on men in the business world is more respectable than non-tailored clothes. With women, skirt suits create the balance between attractiveness and masculinity in order to appear respectable, much more than the overly aggressive pant suit. One may see the effect of clothing when one researches on how to dress for an interview in order to make an impression upon the hiring manager. Clothes are the way people express themselves in Western culture wit hout the use of words. One can tell many things about a person based upon the way they are dressed. While many things may be erroneous when judging someone by the way theyShow MoreRelatedThe Need For Total Elimination Is Unjustified1122 Words   |  5 PagesPaul Churchland argues for the total elimination as opposed to smooth reduction of folk psychology with materialistic sciences to replace it in â€Å"Eliminative Materialism and The Propositional Attitudes,† on grounds that folk psychology is a theory that is primarily flawed due to a severe lack of explanatory power. Additionally has a bad historical trend of retreat and lack of progress, and does not fit well with prominent physical sciences. I will explain his argument in this paper, evaluate it forRead MoreEthics in Psychology: A Reflection975 Words   |  4 PagesEthics in psychology: Reflection Introduction The study of psychology frequently deals with intimate, personal issues of clients and research subjects, which is why strict guidelines exist regarding the ethical use of private data. Early on in a psychology students career, he or she is urged to abide by specific guidelines governing his or her behavior to ensure that he or she acts in an ethical manner. A student that has a lax attitude about cutting and pasting words from the web will later haveRead MoreEffect of Brand Image on Consumer Purchasing Behaviour on Clothing:1579 Words   |  7 PagesMason: Thomson. Blumer, H. (1956). Sociological analysis and the variable . American Sociological Review, 21 633-660. Breakwell, G. M. (2006). Interviewing methods. In G. M. Breakwell, S. Hammond, C. Fife-Schaw, J. A. Smith Research methods in psychology (pp. 232-253). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Business Week. (2005). Reebox and Adidas: A good fit. Retrieved July 8, 2007 from http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/aug2005/nf2005084_8340.htm Business Week. (2007). The 100 top brandsRead MoreReality Vs. Fantasy : Today s Modern World1459 Words   |  6 PagesFantasy In today’s modern world, our mindsets in fashion are all based on fantasy: new brands, trends and many more. We all live in a society whereby we tend to buy things that are attractive and very unique within our culture. Even though we don’t have enough money for such expensive items such as clothes and many other materialistic things, borrowing or lending money from others would still be worthwhile due to the desirability of the product. In fashion, a question came to mind, what type of peopleRead MoreColor symmetry Essay884 Words   |  4 Pagesof colors in marketing? I am taking the principle of marketing class now, as we strive to make improvements to our product Earthgrains, studying this phenomenon is key. Let us dig into some of the latest, more interesting research on it. How can we use colors to increase brand recognition and drive purchasing? Before we figure out this, we should know which color triggers which feeling of us. Color is a form of non-verbal communication and is very important in our daily life. However not everyone’sRead MoreFashion Reflection Paper906 Words   |  4 PagesI have always had a strong interest in fashion, but this course made me feel more knowledgeable and prepared to work in the fashion industry. This class has made me feel more confident in choosing to work in the fashion industry as a career path. I learned so many things that can be applied in my future career and for that I am very thankful. I am also more aware of how much the fast fashion industry contributes to pollution and I want to make an effort to be more sustainable. This class gaveRead MoreBeyond the No.5: The life of the legend Coco Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pagesdidn’t simply make her fantasies come alive. This woman single handedly r evolutionized and transmuted the fashion industry. Epitomizing her own words, â€Å"In order to be irreplaceable one must be different†, Chanel eradicated her opponents with her bold and unique ideas. From modest beginnings to affluent ends, it’s undeniable that fashion icon Coco Chanel has fabricated the very principles of our Fashion Industry today and created an everlasting legacy for eras to come. In the quaint countryside of SaumurRead MoreWhy Psychology Is Important1045 Words   |  5 PagesWhy Psychology is Important Psychology is the study of the human mind and any of its functions. It also includes the behavior resulting from any changes in our environment. Psychology is very important to mankind in that it is important in understanding the world we live in. Psychology helps us and allows us to better understand the emotional and behavioral effects of our surroundings. According to Taylor (1988), many prominent researchers believe a healthy mental outlook on the world and whatRead MorePsychological Analysis On Human Behavior913 Words   |  4 Pagespredict group trends, even when such does not apply to individual cases. A final obstacle that sometimes impedes the correct interpretation of scientific psychological predictions of human behavior is the probability of chance. The role of chance in psychology is often misunderstood. A degree of chance and coincidence play a role in the accuracy of predictions, and for this reason, individual predictions about human behavior are therefore impossible. Therefore it should be strongly affirmed that, â€Å"[c]linicalRead MoreJean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagesof psychology. Jean Piaget was one who made a contribution with his theories on the cognitive development stages. Cognitive development is the process of acquiring intelligence and increasingly advanced thought and problem-solving ability from infancy to adulthood. Piaget states that the mind of a child develops through set stages to adulthood (Famous Biographies TV Shows - Biography.com). The theory of cognitive development has made a significant impact throu ghout the history of psychology, and

The Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution

Although, the war was won and there were lots of flaws in the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution started shaping the laws and government in the nation. Democracy was something that may be hard for the people to handle according to Alexander Hamilton of New York, and it would also make them confused by the challenges of running the nation. The nation was on the European economic system which it had trouble and struggled. The people got married, raised families, bought slaves, they moved west and built new homes while daily life was going on. In the 1790 s the Politian s was faced with a lot of questions such as could the leaders pulled the nation together and was the independence temporary? They all preached liberty and equality, but they went to great lengths to safeguard both slavery and taking control of Native American lands. During Thomas Jefferson s reign as president stabilized and the land acquired helped start an economic revolution. The federal government was remarkably small from 1789 to 1800, and there were only three employees, plus some representatives in London, Paris, Madrid and Lisbon. The treasury had a total of 75 employees. The secretary of war had two clerks and a messenger in the War Department. There were seventy-five offices located in the Post Office. There were twenty-six senators and sixty-four representatives in the nation s Legislative branch (Boundless. 2016) A small federal government in that era was what the countryShow MoreRelatedThe Articles of Confederation and The Constitution1238 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment has been defined by two very important documents. Reflecting on all governments of the past, they laid forth an impressive jumble of ideas that would lead the way to where we are today. These two documents are the Article of Confederation and the U.S Constitution. These two documents of precedent are both similar and unique, each with its own pros and cons, and neither bein g perfect. Both these documents addressed the prominent vital in national vs. state sovereignty, legislative selectionRead MoreThe Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation1373 Words   |  6 Pageswould enforce them? I will address some of the differences between the Constitution and The Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation were designed and formed from the thirteen states that created a Confederation known as the â€Å"league of friendship†; their goal was to find solutions for problems; and one of the first attempts to create a system. The Articles of Confederation was our nation’s first constitution; during the last years of the Revolutionary war, the government had beenRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution921 Words   |  4 PagesConstitution and Articles Analysis The Articles of Confederation and The Constitution were both written I believe to ensue peace in a new nation where great freedoms had just been betrothed upon. Both written within ten years of each other, the main point it was trying to get across was the idea of one nation. They were written by the same people who all in all had similar ideas. There are many differences as well. From the main one being sovereign states, to how many states must approve an amendmentRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution891 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout American history, many Americans assume that too much power is given to one party or the other. The Article of confederation was important in the United States because it affected the way over government functions today. Specifically, under the Article of confederation, the United States was intended to be formed on a basis of Federalism. Within this structure of Federalism, states have their own rights and majority of power with its people. The federal government on the other hand,Read MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1130 Words   |  5 Pages After America won its independence from Great Britain in 1783, the Articles of Confederation were created to serve as the basis of American democracy. Years subsequent to the creation of the Articles of Confederation, delegates from all states, with the exception of Rhode Island, assembled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to mend the weaknesses the Articles displayed throughout its practice. This meeting on Septe mber 17, 1787, resulted in the newly drafted terms for which the United States democracyRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1115 Words   |  5 PagesThe Articles of Confederation were the earliest constitution of the United States. After the United States became fully independent from Great Britain, following the Revolutionary War, the document was created to outline the functions and management of new nation. However, the document established a very weak central government, instead giving the power to the states. To correct the mistake, a new version of such a document was created: the Constitution, which is still in effect today. (Articles ofRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution899 Words   |  4 PagesThe Constitution remains as relevant today as it did over two hundred years ago. Americans have lived their lives through the law of the Constitution of the United Staes of America for several years. The Constitution has kept our natio n together and has kept us strong. â€Å"The Constitution defines the United States of America. This greatest of American documents not only establishes our system of government; it limits the power of that government, specifying our irrevocable rights and privileges asRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution2035 Words   |  9 Pagesmove forward and unite the thirteen states as a nation. It was then when Continental Congress met up in Pennsylvania and created a secured a document known as the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation was written on November 15, 1777, and ratified by all thirteen states on March 1, 1781. When the Articles of Confederation were written it had many goals in mind to set and preserve the country with all its freedoms, keeping America an independent nation. Since the states were comingRead MoreThe Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation953 Words   |  4 PagesThe first video â€Å"The Constitution Project† – creating a constitution of the founding fathers creating and signing the constitution. This is a large piece of history which because of them, the constitution and the articles of confederation are what make makes America what it is today, unified. The major learning theme of this video is to understanding what and how these states came together, taxation, laws, and the people behind it. George Was hington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison to name aRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1461 Words   |  6 PagesJesse Ghuman Jason Stratton US History B17 11/15/2015 The Articles of Confederation The first approved document of the United States was the Articles of Confederation. However, after a few years, the Bill of Rights replaced the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. The Articles began the Constitution but the articles had contained a lot of weaknesses so they had to create a new document. Few of the Article of Confederation goals were to bring the states together and establish a strong The Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution After America won its independence from Great Britain in 1783, the Articles of Confederation were created to serve as the basis of American democracy. Years subsequent to the creation of the Articles of Confederation, delegates from all states, with the exception of Rhode Island, assembled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to mend the weaknesses the Articles displayed throughout its practice. This meeting on September 17, 1787, resulted in the newly drafted terms for which the United States democracy would stand upon; the official document became known as the Constitution and has gone unchanged for over 228 years. Although the Constitution was drafted to replace the Articles of Confederation, both documents had proven to have similarities as†¦show more content†¦The people of each state had the ability to effect the legitimacy of law and authority if they felt it was morally wrong. The same enlightenment ideals carried over to the creation of the Constitution, however, state pow er became limited. The Constitution enhanced distant authority, giving the central government the power to rule the citizens of every state. The stronger centralized government over the people therefore led to the concept of federalism, which displayed other similarities and differences between the Articles and the Constitution. Federalism was the belief in giving power to two levels of government, state and national. After the Declaration of Independence in 1776, colonies became states in an attempt to attain the ideal of a geopolitical nation. A geopolitical nation consists of individual states equivalent to individual countries, and these countries ruled themselves, while also being united under the same national government. The structure of federalism was a continuation from the Articles to the Constitution in the belief that each state retained its own power. Each state had the power to overturn any national government authority, exhibit their own authority over their resident s, and have a ruling council of elected representatives. The departure, however, was in the limitations put on state power. The states were stripped of their power to overturn national taxation. The national government was

The Ethics of Creative Accounting free essay sample

Introduction: In the accounting world, the general rule is that accounts should give a true and fair view. Under local and international law, a professionally experienced accountant has a responsibility to meet the terms, a corporation has a legal responsibility to meet the terms, and auditors have a legal responsibility to give some species of judgment on compliance. Although the function of accounting principles and other rules, creative accounting has constantly played a part in the efforts made by a few companies to present their performance in a better light.Creative Accounting: Creative accounting, can be defined in a number of ways also called aggressive accounting, Creative accounting is a process whereby accountants use their knowledge of accounting rules to manipulate the figures reported in the accounts of a business. To investigate the ethical issues raised by creative accounting applies have been necessary by the financial analysts and investment advisers and the aim of company directors to present the business as having steady growth in income and profits. Reasons for Creative Accounting: Consideration of creative accounting have alert mainly on the impact on decision of investors in the stock market. Reasons for the directors of listed companies to seek to influence the accounts for following reasons: 1. Income smoothing: Companies generally prefer to report a steady trend of growth in Profit rather than to show volatile profits with a series of dramatic rises and falls.This is achieved by making unnecessarily high provisions for liabilities and against asset values in good years so that these provisions can be reduced, thereby improving reported profits, in bad years. 2. Company directors may keep an income-boosting accounting policy change in hand to distract attention from unwelcome news. 3. Creative accounting may help maintain or boost the share price both by reducing the apparent levels of borrowing, so making the company appear subject to less risk, and by creating the appearance of a good profit trend.Accounting Ethics: Ethics in the business background is essential to success, however some stipulate to the more deceitful approach of accomplishing their goals at any moral or ethical cost. When developing an accounting curriculum, it is solution to connect both students and professionals with situations that require ethical responses. It is sometimes not enough to rely on the if-then symbol of if you steal, you go to jail. Money is between the most tempting of desires, and those who work with it often possess such emotions.It is extremely difficult to draw an ethical line on creative accounting when the generally accepted accounting principles often allow multiple accounting methods that a company can choose from when calculating certain items. This is due to the m any types of businesses in the economy. With all of the different sizes and natures of transactions, it is extremely difficult for there to be just one accounting method for all companies to use, and therefore, multiple accounting methods exist for companies to choose from.For example, in the case of computing depreciation, managers and accountants have several methods from which they may choose. Some of these are straight-line, declining-balance, and double-declining-balance depreciation. Not only can the managers and accountants select any of the multiple depreciation methods when computing depreciation cost, but they can also pick one method for depreciating one thing, such as buildings, and another method for depreciating another thing, such as equipment.This depreciation example is just one of the many multiple accounting methods that a company can legally employ. Thus, companies will most likely, if not probably, use the accounting method that will give them their most preferred image. The ultimate argument: Propone nts of creative accounting argue that all the examples given are done in an ethical capacity. They claim that the FASB has set the generally accepted accounting principles to give managers and accountants various accounting methods from which they can select.When applying certain methods, the companies are going to choose the ones that make their financial statements better. This is the nature of business—to make the company succeed as well as possible. Creative accounting assists in this endeavor. On the other hand, opponents of creative accounting see it as â€Å"accounting manipulation†. The opponents believe that creative accounting is used when managers and accountants want to manipulate the financial statements to show a certain outcome.For instance, when managers want to portray better figures in certain accounts to stockholders, they will employ creative accounting techniques to get their desired results. In these cases, management is most likely not achieving a company’s ultimate goal of increasing stock value. In the short run, the company’s stock value might rise due to the numbers shown by the creative accounting, but in the long run, the creative accounting hurts the ultimate goal of increasing stock value because the company cannot employ the creative accounting techniques forever.Since the company cannot continually deceive stockholders with the figures derived by creative accounting, the reality of the situation must eventually be divulged. When this occurs, this hurts the value of the stock not only at the time, but also in the long run if the company does not go out of business. The accounting scandals of Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Adelphia, and the like illustrate when creative accounting unquestionably becomes unethical and illegal. In these cases, creative accounting was taken to the extreme.The generation of auditors, accountants, and managers present in these companies at the time of their collapses did not respond correctly or quickly enough when confronted with ethical dilemma. In the case of Enron, management employed â€Å"aggressive accounting† where there was a total of almost $1 billion in accounting â€Å"errors† by the time the company collapsed. Opponents of creative accounting use this case as an example of why creative accounting should not be employed.

Emotional intelligence attrition and cost factor Essay Example

Emotional intelligence attrition and cost factor Essay Employee abrasion is a high cost factor in most industries. Surveies show that most of import ground for abrasion is immediate directors behaviour and action which makes the employee stay or quit. Abrasion can be reduced by increasing the EI of the directors. EI consist of Personal and Social Competences. By EI preparation, organisations can make a great work environment to cut down abrasion. EI preparation is implemented by Analysis, Pattern Identification, Comparison, EI Study and Audit. This survey contributes to supplying an penetration to ways of cut downing cost of abrasion utilizing soft accomplishments with an accent on EI Cardinal words: Emotional Intelligence, Attrition, cost factor, EI preparation Introduction We will write a custom essay sample on Emotional intelligence attrition and cost factor specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Emotional intelligence attrition and cost factor specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Emotional intelligence attrition and cost factor specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Research workers of twenty-first century from the Fieldss of psychological science, instruction and concern are meeting on the construct of Emotional Intelligence, which is deemed as a certain tract for success in personal and organizational life. IQ gets you hired, but EQ gets you promoted was the motto mentioned in TIME magazine screen narrative on The EQ factor. ( TIME,1995 ) .Emotionally intelligent people can comprehend, understand and modulate the emotions of others, therefore doing Emotional intelligence a important factor in the success of inter personal interaction in work context. Increasingly we will see employers actively seeking people with high emotional intelligence Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence or EI is a signifier of societal intelligence that involves the ability to proctor 1s ain and others feelings and emotions, to know apart among them, and to utilize this information to steer one s thought and action. ( Salovey A ; Mayer, 1990 ) . Emotional Intelligence is non being soft- It means being intelligent about emotions. Daniel Golemen portions his penetration on the power of emotional intelligence in his article in HBR EI is twice every bit of import as proficient accomplishments an IQaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Developing A ; utilizing EI skills offers a set of nucleus abilities that impact many concern issues of import to single A ; organisational success In other words, how the immediate director treats the people describing to him/her, how the director takes the success and failures, how he motivates the squad, leads the squad, etc form portion of the Emotional Intelligence. A trough who has really high emotional intelligence will be able to comprehend himself good in the organisation and take his squad with a sense of intent and way. EI consist of two major competency countries Personal and Social Competences. The undermentioned grid will assist the understand the EI model better. EI Framework Personal Competence Social Competence SELF Awareness Emotional consciousness Accurate self-assessment Assurance SOCIAL AWARENESS Empathy Service orientation Developing others Leveraging diverseness Political consciousness SELF Regulation Self-denial Trustworthiness Conscientiousness Adaptability Innovativeness SOCIAL SKILLS Influence Communication Leadership Change accelerator Conflict direction Building bonds Collaboration and cooperation Team capablenesss SELF Motivation Achievement thrust Committedness Enterprise Optimism 1.2 Significance of Emotional intelligence at work topographic point Advanced emotional intelligence can be good in many countries of life. However, the application of its utility has been most often documented in the professional workplace. Cherniss ( 2000 ) outlines four chief grounds why the workplace would be a logical scene for measuring and bettering emotional intelligence competences: 1. Emotional intelligence competences are critical for success in most occupations. 2. Many grownups enter the work force without the competences necessary to win or stand out at their occupation. 3. Employers already have the established agencies and motive for supplying emotional intelligence preparation. 4. Most adults spend the bulk of their waking hours at work. The cost-effectiveness of emotional intelligence in the workplace has been an country of involvement. Several surveies have reported the economic value of engaging staff, based on emotional intelligence. Some of the research findings refering to this subject are discussed in this article Cherniss and Goleman ( 1998 ) estimated that by non following developing guidelines established to increase emotional intelligence in the workplace, industry in the United States is losing between $ 5.6 and $ 16.8 billion a twelvemonth. They found that the impact of developing employees in emotional and societal competences with plans which followed their guidelines was higher than for other plans, and by non implementing these plans companies were having less of an impact and accordingly losing money. The foremost subscriber to the country of emotional intelligence and leading is Daniel Goleman, who has written several books on implementing emotional intelligence in an organisation, including Working with Emotional Intelligence ( 1998 ) and The Emotionally Intelligence Workplace ( 2001 ) . Goleman posits that leaders high in emotional intelligence are cardinal to organisational success ; leaders must hold the capacity to feel employees feelings about their work environments, to step in when jobs arise, to pull off their ain emotions in order to derive the trust of the employees, and to understand the political and societal conventions within an organisation ( Goleman, 2001 ) . In add-on, a leader has the capacity to impact organisational public presentation by puting a peculiar work clime. Goleman outlines six distinguishable leading manners and how they affect the clime of the organisation Leadership Style and Impact on Organizational Climate ( Goleman, 2001 ) LEADERSHIP STYLE Coercive Authoritative Affiliative Democratic Pacesetting Coach When Appropriate In a crisis, to kick-start turnaround, or with job employees When alteration requires a new vision, when clear way needed To mend rifts in a squad or to actuate during nerve-racking times To construct consensus or to acquire valuable input from employees To acquire speedy consequences from a extremely motivated and competent squad To assist an employee better public presentation or develop long-run strengths Aim Immediate conformity Mobilize others to follow a vision Create harmoniousness Build committedness through engagement Perform undertakings to a high criterion Build strengths for the hereafter Impact on Climate Strongly negative Most strongly positive Highly positive Highly positive Highly negative Highly positive EI Competences Drive to accomplish ; inaugural ; emotional ego control Assurance ; empathy ; alteration accelerator Empathy ; constructing bonds ; struggle direction Collaboration ; team leading ; communicating Conscientious-ness ; thrust to accomplish ; initiative Developing others ; empathy ; emotional self-awareness Now, from this tabular array how the different constituents of EQ could be utilized for different managerial manner can be clearly seen. All the five leading manners mentioned here are suited for different administrations, depending on the direction doctrine and the organizational clime. So by placing the leading manner practiced in each house, along with heightening the EI competence matching to that will assist in a major manner to better leading accomplishment and at that place by improved keeping. 1.3 Teaching Emotional Intelligence: Training plans aimed at bettering emotional intelligence can happen in several different countries of preparation and development within an organisation, including direction preparation, communicating and empathy preparation, struggle declaration and stress direction preparation, every bit good as self-management preparation and preparation provided to unemployed workers ( Cherniss, 2000 ) . However, it is of import to recognize that traditional preparation course of study and bringing are non by and large successful in developing emotional intelligence competences. Traditional plans by and large adopt a one size fits all attack that ignores single complexnesss while concentrating on cognitive acquisition ( Dearborn, 2002 ) . Administrations can help employees in developing emotional competences by supplying appropriate preparation. The Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations, which consists of research workers and practicians from concern schools, the federal authorities, confer withing houses and corporations, has developed guidelines for best patterns in learning emotional intelligence competences. Administrations can decidedly use these services and better the emotional intelligence of employees and there by retain the endowments. Some of the comprehensive schemes for keeping include the followers: Hiring and testing employees based on EQ competences Build an emotionally skilled leading by preparation. Better the organizational clime by furthering healthy interpersonal relationship among employees Encourage people to construct a web of support. Motivate the employees to take up EQ preparation by demoing the wage off on the occupation Competency theoretical accounts and sequence program based on EQ competences Create preparedness for alteration. Envision desired results by bench taging Continuously promote EQ environment 3.The survey The basic survey involves facts drawn from secondary literature study. Even before research in the country of E.I. had begun, the Ohio State Leadership Studies reported that leaders who were able to set up common trust, regard, and certain heat and resonance with members of their group were more effectual ( Fleishman and Harris, 1962 ) Research work undertaken at national and international degree are quoted here.Research work published by Daniel J. Svyanket and M.Afzlur Rahim, University of Akron in The international Journal of organizational analysis ( 2002, Vol -10 No 4 Pg 299-301, shows a clear indicant of positive relationship between EQ and employees behaviour in the administration. It was found that squad public presentation, coherence, empathy etc are positively correlated to EQ degree of employees. An article was presented by Ioannis Tsaousis, University of Aegena, Greece and Ioannis Nikolaou, Athens university of Economics and concern, Greece in International Journal of organizational Analysis, ,2002, Vol.10, No 4, Pg 327-342, titled, Emotional intelligence at work topographic point ; Researching its consequence on occupational emphasis and organizational committedness , talks about the research conducted by them by administrating EQ questionnaire and an organizational emphasis testing tool. The consequences showed a positive relation between EQ and organizational committedness Surveies conducted by Jigisha.B. Dholakia A ; Geethika Kaushal, TAA Communication Area, IIM, Ahmedbad ( working paperno. 2001-05-01, Pg 2-15 ) , titled Emotional Intelligence at work topographic point. A priliminary survey of male executives in private and public sector administration reveals a relationship between EQ and work topographic point state of affairss. During the recent surveies conducted at LOreal, it was found that when the gross revenues people were selected on the footing of emotional competency, the bend over was reduced by a drastic 63 % ! ! Likewise, when Metlife selected gross revenues people on the footing of optimism, which is one of the emotional intelligence competences, they out sold other Metlife people by 37 % and showed reduced abrasion. The nexus between EQ and leading was clear from the survey at PepsiCo. In a pilot undertaking, executives selected for EQ competences outperformed their co-workers, presenting 10 % addition in productivity,87 % lessening in executive bend over ( ! ) and over $ 3.75m added economic value. At one of the Motorola s fabrication installation used HeartMath s emphasis and EQ plan and realized that 93 % of employees showed addition in productiveness. It is really interesting to observe that unlike IQ, which is about decided at birth, EQ can be improved by preparation and nurturing. A survey conducted at Case Western University, a competence constructing plan increased the Emotional Intelligence accomplishments by 40 % to 75 % among the respondents, and that consequence lasted at least through the 5- 7 old ages of the survey. The US Air Force spends 1000000s on enlisting every twelvemonth, but their professional recruiters were merely picking up an norm of one recruit per month. A $ 10,000 investing in EQ proving helped them to profile top performing artists and in one twelvemonth, they saved $ 2.7 million. Following this success, The General Accounting Office requested that the Secretary of Defense order all subdivisions of armed force to follow this process in enlisting and choice. Gallup s land grade research of over two million working Americans on employee Battle ( a sense of emotional connexion to the administration ) it was identified that squads with higher battle showed 50 % less bend over and 38 % above mean productiveness. A recent meta analysis of 69 independent surveies explored the prognostic cogency of emotional intelligence with diverse occupation public presentation results ( Van Rooy A ; Viswesvaran, 2004 ) . Results suggested diverse steps of EI correlated.23 with occupation public presentation ( k=19, N=4158 ) and.22 with general mental ability. These correlativities suggest that EI can be considered a moderate forecaster of occupation public presentation and success which has a direct impact on keeping. A recent survey by Career Systems International in 2005. They surveyed over 7,500 employees in diverse industries about keeping factors-things available in organisations that engendered committedness and a willingness to stay.The top five keeping factors included: 1 ) Exciting Work/Challenge ( 48.4 % ) ; 2 ) Career growth/learning ( 42.6 % ) ; 3 ) Relationships/working with great people ( 41.8 % ) ; 4 ) Fair wage ( 31.8 % ) ; and 5 ) Supportive management/great foreman ( 25.1 % ) . Another research conducted by John Humphreys, Bill Brunsen and Dale Davis, College of Business, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico, doing usage of Pearson merchandise minute correlativity, shows important correlativity between EQ and organizational committedness ( 0.303 ) A survey of the relationship between emotional intelligence and public presentation in UK call Centres by Malcolm Higgs published in the Journal of Managerial Psychology June 2004 Volume: 19 Issue: 4 Page: 442 454 shows a strong correlativity between Emotional intelligence and Individual public presentation, which corresponds to cut down abrasion 4.Results These findings appear to add support to the turning organic structure of literature bespeaking the concepts of EI and organizational committedness holding a great significance. What is highlighted above appears to be an accurate description of what is go oning in general in most of the administrations across the universe. One of the most of import and important findings from this survey is the positive correlativity between Organization committedness and higher emotional intelligence. 5.Conclusion From the research surveies discussed supra, we can get at the decision that we can decidedly cut down the cost of abrasion by bettering the emotional intelligence of employees. The primary grounds for an employee to go forth the occupation are relationship based. So one of the cardinal keeping factor is the quality of relationship between employee and his supervisor. As leading guru Richard Leider says Peoples do non Leave companies- They leave Leaderships! ! ! . When analytical glare is coupled with emotional intelligence, breakthrough accomplishments can be gained. When many research surveies converge to similar decision, we do nt necessitate a Mc Kinsey to state us that, we need to hold Emotionally Intelligent employees to hold a stable administration! !

Viking History - Guide to the Ancient Norse

Viking History - Guide to the Ancient Norse Viking history traditionally begins in northern Europe with the first Scandinavian raid on England, in AD 793, and ends with the death of Harald Hardrada in 1066, in a failed attempt to attain the English throne. During those 250 years, the political and religious structure of northern Europe was changed irrevocably. Some of that change can be directly attributed to the actions of the Vikings, and/or the response to Viking imperialism, and some of it cannot. Viking Age Beginnings Beginning in the 8th century AD, the Vikings began expanding out of Scandinavia, first as raids and then as imperialistic settlements into a wide swath of places from Russia to the North American continent. The reasons for the Viking expansion outside of Scandinavia are debated among scholars. Reasons suggested include population pressure, political pressure, and personal enrichment. The Vikings could never have begun raiding or indeed settling beyond Scandinavia if they had not developed highly effective boat building and navigation skills; skills that were in evidence by the 4th century AD. At the time of the expansion, the Scandinavian countries were each experiencing a centralization of power, with fierce competition. Settling Down Fifty years after the first raids on the monastery at Lindisfarne, England, the Scandinavians ominously shifted their tactics: they began to spend the winters at various locations. In Ireland, the ships themselves became part of the over-wintering, when the Norse built an earthen bank on the landward side of their docked ships. These types of sites, called longphorts, are found prominently on the Irish coasts and inland rivers. Viking Economics The Viking economic pattern was a combination of pastoralism, long-distance trade, and piracy. The type of pastoralism used by the Vikings was called landnm, and although it was a successful strategy in the Faroe Islands, it failed miserably in Greenland and Ireland, where the thin soils and climate change led to desperate circumstances. The Viking trade system, supplemented by piracy, on the other hand, was extremely successful. While conducting raids on various peoples throughout Europe and western Asia, the Vikings obtained untold amounts of silver ingots, personal items, and ​other booty, and buried them in hoards. Legitimate trade in items such as cod, coins, ceramics, glass, walrus ivory, polar bear skins and, of course, slaves were conducted by the Vikings as early as the mid 9th century, in what must have been uneasy relationships between the Abbasid dynasty in Persia, and Charlemagnes empire in Europe. Westward with the Viking Age The Vikings arrived in Iceland in 873, and in Greenland in 985. In both cases, the importation of the landnam style of pastoralism led to dismal failure. In addition to a sharp decline in sea temperature, which led to deeper winters, the Norse found themselves in direct competition with the people they called the Skraelings, who we now understand are the ancestors of the Inuits of North America. Forays westward from Greenland were undertaken in the very last years of the tenth century AD, and Leif Erickson finally made landfall on the Canadian shores in 1000 AD, at a site called Lanse Aux Meadows. The settlement there was doomed to failure, however.

The processes of evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The processes of evolution - Essay Example terbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other groups, (Hausdorf, 2011).’In essence a species is considered the biggest gene pool that can occur under natural conditions. Populations connected by gene flow are often hard to classify. While a species concept defines the conditions under which a population should be classified as a species a population are individuals that belong to a specific species and are usually located in an area that is able to be defined. Populations interact with other populations in their environments and their physical environment; also interacting with those populations of another species. Populations that grow exponentially can reach the maximum sustainable of their population in a certain environment. There are four different forces of evolution; natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift. Natural selection has four different components which struggle with each other to change certain traits within populations (University of Michigan, 2010). Natural selection is subject to inheritance, whereas traits are passed on through heredity, variation such as hair color and eye color or other individual characteristics. An increased rate of population growth means that each population is subject to struggle for a dwindling supply of resources. Finally differential survival and reproduction means that those individual’s more suited to the struggles will pass on more offspring and genes which are able to withstand different conditions. Natural selection depends on traits that are inheritable. Mutation causes new genetic variations in a certain gene pool. These mutations cause the variation in genetics that allow others evolutionary forces to act such as natural selection, gene flow and genetic drift. Gene flow occurs when individual’s move into and out of certain populations. An example of this would be Americans resettling in other Countries and producing offspring. This affects that

Behavioural Perspective of leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Behavioural Perspective of leadership - Essay Example A majority of such leadership theories have focused on the study of characteristics of the leaders and the manner in which they behave. The impact of leadership behavior on organizational performance has been studied extensively since the past four decades, by practitioners and academics alike (Cannella and Rowe, 1995; Giambatista, 2004). This is mainly because of the widespread belief, that the leadership behavior displayed by the leaders in organizations is regarded, by some researchers as crucial to achievement of organizational goals and in motivating the employees to enhance productivity (Berson et al., 2001; Zacharatos et al., 2000). The behavioral leadership theory evolved during the Second World War, focuses mainly on the human relationships along with, organizational performance and productivity. This theory proposed that the behavior of the leaders has a significant influence on organizational performance and the effectiveness of the workers. Two most important studies with regard to leadership behavior include the study conducted at Ohio State University and the University of Michigan during the 1940s and 1950s. These studies highlighted two distinct categories of leadership behavior based on their individual leadership styles namely: the people-oriented leadership behavior and the task-oriented leadership behavior (Leadership in Organizational Settings, Pp. 287). The former category / cluster focuses on the employee tasks and the methods used to achieve the same, while the latter, focuses on the personal needs and requirements of the employees / workers, and the need for enhancing their interpersonal relationships. The people centered leadership style emphasizes on the people by listening to the suggestions of the employees, grant them personal favors, support them whenever needed and treat them with equality while the task oriented

Relationship Between Mental Illness and Crime

Relationship Between Mental Illness and Crime The Circle of Crime Broadsheets and tabloids along with other forms of media continue to sensationalise the association between mental illness and crime with 46% of press coverage dedicated to crime, harm to others and self-harm which is concerning (Hudson, 2013). However, this can be detrimental to the psychological wellbeing of individuals who suffer from mental illness leading to victimisation and recidivism due to ineffective management of offenders with mental illness. This essay will critically discuss the current thinking in relation to the link between mental illness and crime. In particular, the transition of childhood abuse or violence to a crime being committed as a result of mental health problems. This essay will also attempt to demonstrate the impact incarceration which continues a pattern of offending due to unresolved mental health issues and the never ending cycle persists. Vinkers, Beurs, Barendregt, Rinne and Hoek (2011) investigated the relationship between mental illness and different types of crime. The study included 21,424 pre-trial forensic reports from the Netherland between 2000 and 2006. The crime which was found to have the strongest relationship with mental illness was arson which was then followed by assaults, homicide attempts and then threats. The crime which was found to have the weakest relationship (with diminished or absent accountability) with mental illness was sexual and property crimes. If there is a clear relationship between a mental illness and a crime which has been committed then accountability is considered to be diminished in Dutch courts (Vinkers et al., 2011). There are five degrees of responsibility in relation to crime the first being complete responsibility which is when a crime is committed by a person who is fully in their right mind, there is an absence of mental disorder or if the disorder is unrelated to the comm itted crime. This is then followed by slightly diminished, diminished, severely diminished and total absence of responsibility. To be absolved from guilt completely a severe mental disorder (usually of a psychotic nature) is necessary. An important strength of the research conducted by Vinkers et al. (2011) is that they directly studied the relationship between mental disorders and different types of crime. It is essential to understand why a relationship exits and not only that there is a relationship. When a person has an underlying mental health disorder and they commit a crime this does not necessarily mean the mental disorder caused them to commit the crime. For example if an individual who is addicted to drugs shoplifts this may be attributed to poverty and not related to them having a mental illness such as schizophrenia. Having established a link between mental illness and crime this essay will now consider the relationship between childhood violence or abuse and mental illness. Nikulina, Widom and Czaja (2011) investigated the effect that childhood neglect and childhood poverty (family and neighbourhood) had on the likelihood of developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), academic achievement and crime in young adulthood. The results suggest that both childhood neglect and childhood family poverty predicted PTSD and arrest as an adult. The study also found that children who suffered from neglect and were poor were more likely to be delinquent and participate in criminal behaviour than children who were not poor and were not neglected. It was also suggested by Nikulina et al. (2011) that children who grow up in a poorer household (or neighbourhood) have a predisposition to trauma which makes them more likely have difficulties in later life. They concluded that n eglect and poverty were positively correlated with long term criminal, academic and mental health outcomes. The findings from Nikulina et al. (2011) indicate that adverse conditions and unstable living environments (including poverty) increase the chance that a person will develop PTSD symptoms. A persons surroundings are important in determining their risk for mental health and psychosocial outcomes. In addition to this Grisso (2007) suggest an association between youth delinquency and mental illness. In this study youths aged 9 and 10, 11 and 13 were interviewed and tested at three points in time. During at least one of these assessment points approximately one third of the youths met the criteria for one or more mental illnesses and the same amount of the total sample were arrested when they reached young adulthood. The results suggest that having a mental illness in adolescence is likely to have played a role in the subsequent offending as an adult. It is also suggested that suf fering from a mental illness between the ages of 9 and 16 poses a much greater risk of offending as a young adult. Effective community based intervention during adolescence is recommended by Grisso (2007) to reduce delinquency. A major problem which faces law enforcement is the high number of individuals with mental illnesses in the criminal justice system (Cuellar, McReynolds Wasserman, 2006). This creates complications both socially and politically. One way of combating this issue would be to use a specialised program such as mental health courts, which are relatively new. There are approximately 200 mental health courts in the United States with D’Emic (2014) becoming the first mental health court judge in New York State in March 2002. Mental health courts are an alternative to incarceration courts. The aim of these courts is to improve the psychiatric stability of offenders and also to improve public safety by connecting offenders with mental health treatment. Cuellar et al. (2006) suggest that for certain types of individuals, it is more appropriate to use problem-solving methods rather than punishment. They do this by working with other mental health agencies, families and housing providers to name a few. The aim of these courts is to support offenders who are suffering with a mental illness to live a constructive life which is free of crime in the community (D’Emic, 2014). One of the first cases to be brought to this court was a young man in his early 20s who had been arrested for two street robberies (D’Emic, 2014). While in jail he began to act bizarrely and he was subsequently taken to hospital to be observed. He was diagnosed with schizophrenia. The agreement was that if he engaged with treatment the indictment against him would be dismissed. He succeeded and went on to obtain a master’s degree and remained in therapy and continued to take medication which was prescribed for his mental illness. The treatment which was overseen by the mental health court ensured the continued safety of the public by effectively managing this young man’s mental health. If the only option for this young man was to be handed a prison sentence this could have resulted in him being released into the community with a serious, untreated mental illness. The aim of using this method is to reduce recidivism and also reduce the severity of crimes committed by offenders who suffer from mental illness which in turn would reduce the societal cost of crime (Cuellar et al., 2006). The concern for policymakers in the reduction of crime is to place more emphasis on rehabilitation and treatment of offenders with mental illnesses as opposed to prosecution and harsher punishment. Offenders with mental illness would find it more beneficial to engage with more appropriate and less expensive supervised care in the community than being embroiled in the criminal justice system (DeQuendre, 2002). If appropriate services were provided to sufferers of mental illness then they would not end up being arrested, in jail or facing charges in court (Cuellar et al., 2006). A finding from Cuellar et al (2006) is that more than half of youths who had a mental illness wer e re-arrested. Over a one year period it was reported that there were 63 fewer arrests per 100 youths who had voluntarily enrolled on the diversion programme. This is an opportunity for youths to avoid the formal court intervention and engage with appropriate developmental and treatment needs. Female prisoners have been identified as particularly vulnerable by MacDonald (2013) and more likely to suffer from higher levels of emotional distress than male prisoners. MacDonald (2013) examined 6 countries which were part of the EU DAPHNE Strong project. The purpose of this project was to increase the knowledge and understanding of professionals who work with women in prison who had been subject to childhood, intimate partner or other forms of physical and or sexual violence. The findings of the DAPHNE project were that 70-80% of the female prison population in Scotland had mental health problems, 50% of the prisoners had a history of sexual abuse and at least 50% of the women were presently in an abusive relationship (MacDonald, 2013). The findings were similar in England and Wales with 50% experiencing domestic violence. In Finland it is suggested that approximately three out of four female prisoners have been a victim of physical, psychological or sexual violence. Germany als o reports a victim violence rate of 70%. It was found in Scotland and Finland that women who had a history of violence and abuse were not routinely identified. Effective screening of mental health problems and also other health concerns is fundamental to the services which can be provided. It is imperative that gender-specific guidelines are set for managing female prisoners as they often have more complex health problems than male prisoners (World Health Organisation, 2009). The areas which require particular attention are mental illness, substance abuse issues, reproductive health and physical and sexual abuse. It has been reported that the mental health care which is currently provided is inadequate. This is due to lack of funding and also a lack of trained staff. The overuse of medication is also highlighted. A major concern in prisons is amount of prisoners who suffer from mental illnesses such as psychosis (3.7% of males and 4% of females), major depression (10% males and 12% females) and antisocial personality disorder (45%) as this increase the likelihood of suicide (MacDonald, 2013). It is suggested that the treatment of mental illnesses including self-harm should be managed in the community where they originated. The problems which women face require specific treatment plans which are currently not provided by The Prison Service and unlikely to be without the appropriate resources being dedicated. The United Kingdom appears to be efficient in providing information. In women’s prisons in Scotland, England and Wales there are posters, brochures and leaflets however this method of delivery can be problematic for prisoners who have writing and reading difficulties. The need for a range of services to be provided to prisoners is advocated by Prison staff. These include a named member of staff who has responsibility for violence and abuse who prisoners can be referred to, informing the prisoners of the chaplaincy service and encouraging the prisoner s to use informal and therapeutic approaches to deal with their issues such as writing down their feelings or using art therapy. An important mechanism in supporting prisoners is to empower them to believe they can overcome their difficulties and live a happier healthier life. MacDonald (2013) infers that the criminal justice system appear unwilling to provide alternatives to custodial sentences. Cuts in public spending have further implicated the capacity for the prison service to offer any staff training. The availability of services is widely inconsistent within countries and also within the EU (MacDonald, 2013). Visher and Bakken (2014) examined the mental health status of women who were leaving prison and how their mental health shaped their re-entry outcomes. Problems that the women face over a year after leaving included poorer health, difficulty securing a home, trouble gaining employment and more involvement in criminal behaviour. Women who enter prison are more likely to report excessive history of physical sexual and emotional abuse which puts them at high risk of mental illness (Visher Bakken, 2014). There is also a strong link between childhood abuse and mental illness, in particular depression, PTSD, panic and eating disorders. Women inmates are reported to have higher rates of mental illness (73%) than males (55%). A large study was carried out looking at 357 women from six states that were released from prison. Of these women 44% reported a diagnosis of depression, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), bipolar disorder, PTSD and schizophrenia (Visher Bakken, 2014). Out of these women over half of them felt that they still required treatment for their mental illness a quarter of them believed that they need â€Å"a lot† of treatment. An important finding was that the need for this treatment pre-ceded the imprisonment. Women who suffer from mental illness are likely to face problems at every stage of the criminal justice process from the moment they are arrested, to being imprisoned and then finally when they are released and subsequently reintegrated back into the community. Reports indicate that history of women’s lives play a role in their criminal involvement such as personal abuse, mental illness and substance abuse, homelessness, poverty and also being involved in troubled relationships. Due to these difficulties women often find it difficult to re-establish their lives when they leave prison. The difficulties they have are getting a job, finding a place to live, earning enough money to support them, and also building relationships with t heir family which may have been broken due to being in prison. To avoid recidivism it is essential that women with mental health problems are provided with treatment during and after imprisonment. However prisons due not have the resources to provide this treatment and only those in the most secure facilities receive any support. Visher and Bakken (2014) conducted a longitudinal study called Returning Home; Understanding the Challenges of Prisoner Re-entry which examined the lives of prisoners before, during and a year after leaving prison. A simple effective method that could be employed is a checklist for problems which might require follow up care or management. If any mental health issues are identified then women should be referred on to a community case manager in order to receive the appropriate services for their needs. Recidivism is an important issue which needs attention as eventually the majority of imprisoned offenders will return to society (Gontkovsky McClellan, 2000). Rehabilitation is particularly important especially with regards to inmates who have mental illness. Some of these inmates have a pre-existing mental illness whereas others develop an illness due to issues such as fear of violence and restricted freedom (Gontkovsky McClellan, 2000). Due to inadequate staffing, evaluations of offenders with psychological issues are often brief and unreliable which results in ineffective treatment. In theory the key to successful rehabilitation is providing individually tailored treatment programs however, this is rarely implemented. Resources should not be wasted on individuals who are unwilling to put the effort in but should be reserved for individuals who are motivated for change. To avoid recidivism women need the opportunity to deal with any trauma they have suffered and they need support to learn more effective ways of dealing with their problems to take control of their own lives. In Germany counselling and conversation during the night are provided to prisoners. The suggestions for improving the current practise for women in prison is using prison as a last resort for women who do not pose a risk to society. Also all policies which are developed must recognise the gender specific needs of women and finally mental illnesses which arise from substance abuse and PTSD should be specifically addressed (MacDonald, 2013).One of the objectives of this project was to develop a resource pack for prisons and other criminal justice related authorities to provide examples of good practice and to highlight programmes which already exist for women survivors of violence and abuse. A second objective of the project was to develop a training programme for the staff that ca rries out work with female prisoners who have experienced violence to help them understand the problems which these women face. In conclusion this essay has established the link between mental health and crime with regards to past life experience and in particular to females. The difficulties which individuals with mental illness face who commit crime have also been addressed. Effectively managing mental illness would benefit both the individual and also wider society. A broader understanding in the criminal justice system of mental illness would also be beneficial. For individuals who pose a risk to either themselves or to others there is often no alternative to a custodial sentence. However, for the individuals who do not pose a risk to themselves or to others perhaps developing and implementing other strategies than custodial sentences would reduce the ever revolving prison door. This would also take the pressure off of the prison service to provide treatment which they are not equipped to provide. If issues are identified in childhood early intervention may also reduce the number of individuals with menta l illness who find themselves entrapped in the ever revolving door of prison. Rather than condemn individuals with mental illness who commit crime it may be more constructive to identify the reason which caused them to offend in the first place. In some cases mental illness will play a role in the offending behaviour however in some cases other factors may have cause the offending. It is of utmost importance to clarify the factor which led to the offending behaviour in order to deal with the situation effectively and reduce further offending.

Feeling Sympathy for Tess in Tess of the DUrbervilles Essay -- Tess o

Feeling Sympathy for Tess in Tess of the D'Urbervilles I think that throughout the novel Thomas Hardy uses many different techniques that lead his readers to feel sympathy for Tess. Through reading Hardy's 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles' I have realised that it is invaluable that the readers of any novel sympathise with and feel compassion for the main character. In writing 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles' Thomas Hardy is very successful in grabbing the attention and sentiments of the reader and then steering their emotions so that they feel empathy and understanding for the character Tess. Hardy does this from the very first time we are introduced to Tess. The first time we see Tess is at the Woman's Walking Club Festival, Hardy describes her as 'a fine and handsome girl, with a mobile peony mouth and large innocent eyes' (Chapter II), 'a small minority would look long at her in casually passing and grow momentarily fascinated by her freshness' (ChapterII).This description of pure beauty and innocence captures the imagination of the readers and we begin to build a relationship with the character. The beauty and goodness that we see in Tess draws us to her, and engenders a feeling of affection for her, in this way Hardy is preparing us for later in the book when we see Tess suffering, and feel sympathy for her. Hardy is leading us to feel sympathy for Tess by using her attractiveness and personal qualities. From the first scene in which we meet Tess, Hardy leads us to feel sympathy for her by giving the impression that we (as readers) are slightly overlooking Tess; a place in which this technique is used is whilst Hardy is describing the effects of her appearance on others. Hardy describes the more extraord... ...herself to save Angel's dignity. All this evidence leads us to the conclusion that Tess is a natural victim, trodden by society: 'Every day it seemed more was expected of Tess and every day seemed to throw upon her young shoulders more and more of the world's burdens' (Chapter VI). I conclude that although Thomas Hardy uses many different and varied techniques to lead us to feel sympathy for Tess he pays particular attention to portraying Tess as a natural victim. Hardy also spends a great amount of time (particularly at the beginning of the book) building Tess' character and building a relationship between Tess and the readers. This is an effective method of leading the audience to feel sympathy for Tess because the reader is more likely to like and consequently, feels more compassion and sympathy towards Tess later in the book when she is suffering.

Corporal punishment in the home Essay

A 2013 study by Elizabeth Gershoff and her team (cited below) reviewed the previous two decades of research and confirmed that children who are spanked have less gray matter in their brains, and are more likely to exhibit depression, anxiety, drug use, and aggression as they get older. The only positive outcome that’s ever been shown from corporal punishment is immediate compliance; however, corporal punishment is associated with less long-term compliance. Corporal punishment has repeatedly been linked with nine other negative outcomes, including increased rates of aggression, delinquency, mental health problems, and problems in relationships with their parents. Large, peer-reviewed studies repeatedly show that the more children are hit, the more likely they are to hit others, including peers and siblings. As adults, they are more likely to hit their spouses. The more parents spank children for antisocial behavior, the more the antisocial behavior increases. All of the peer reviewed studies being published continue to confirm these findings. A major study at Tulane University, published in Pediatrics  controlled for other factors that have been found to contribute to aggressiveness in children, including the mother’s depression, alcohol and drug use, spousal abuse and even whether the mother considered abortion while pregnant with the child. Spanking remained a strong predictor of violent behavior in the child. As five-year-olds, the children who had been spanked were more likely than the non-spanked to be defiant, demand immediate satisfaction of their wants and needs, become frustrated easily, have temper tantrums and lash out physically against other people or animals. (http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2010/04/12/peds.2009-2678.abstract) Quite simply, spanking produces WORSE behavior, not better behavior. It also begets more violence, because hitting children teaches them that it is acceptable to hit others who are smaller and weaker. â€Å"I’m going to hit you  because you hit your sister† is a hypocrisy not lost on children. As every parent knows, kids do what we do, not what we say. I strongly believe that permissiveness without limits creates children who are unhappy, undisciplined, and impossible to live with. But discipline means â€Å"to teach.† If we’re serious about raising good kids, we need to use methods that teach kids to manage themselves. Spanking does not do that. Instead, it teaches kids to be afraid of us, which is no basis for love. It teaches them to be sneaky so they won’t be caught doing something wrong. It teaches kids that they are bad, so they are more likely to behave badly. It teaches kids to use violence when they want to solve a problem. And it keeps them from taking responsibility to improve their own behavior, because they â€Å"externalize the locus of control,† which means they only behave because an authority figure makes them, rather than behaving because they want to. I haven’t seen any research on this, but my anecdotal report is that if you talk to people in prison, you’ll find they wer e all spanked. The unfortunate thing is that spanking not only doesn’t work, it is totally unnecessary. When children are raised with age-appropriate expectations and limits accompanied by empathy, they tend to behave and cooperate. Those children don’t need much in the way of discipline at all, and they become self-disciplined adults. (Want more info on how to guide your kids without spanking?) What about Proverbs 23 (Do not withhold discipline from a child)? I’m no expert on the Bible, but here are two articles you’ll want to read. Crystal Lutton: http://crystallutton.com/you-keep-using-that-verse-i-do-not-think-it-means-what-you-think-it-means/ Arms of Love Family Fellowship: http://aolff.org/spare-the-rod/proverbs2 So next time you get so angry you want to hit someone, tell your kids you’re taking a timeout and you’ll deal with them later. Then go into the  bathroom, run the water, and calm yourself down. Use the time to get calm, not to justify your anger. When you come out, tell them you need to think hard about what they did, but right now you need to fix dinner (do the laundry, whatever.) Tell them you need them to be little angels, and you will talk when you are all calm later. Then follow through. Your discipline and teaching will be so much more effective. They’ll learn a lot better when they aren’t in the flush of flight or flight hormones. And you will be so grateful to see yourself becoming the kind of parent every child deserves. (For more on this, see For Parents: How to Handle Your Own Anger.)Elizabeth Gershoff is recognized as the leading researcher on spanking in the United States today. Here’s her most recent report: Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects On Children. To Spank or Not to Spank? The idea behind parental discipline is to ultimately create self-discipline within your child. That means the kid has to learn something — your value system and the difference between right and wrong — that will guide him or her throughout life. So what do kids learn from being spanked? The hitting itself doesn’t teach them anything. Whether you believe in physical punishment or not, Dr. Phil has some disciplining tips and alternatives to spanking: To Spank or Not to Spank? Read Dr. Phil’s blog and weigh in! †¢Don’t take out your frustrations while spanking. Ask yourself if the spanking is truly warranted because of the child’s behavior, or whether it’s an excuse for you to have an adult temper tantrum? Are you more prone to spank when you are in a bad mood? †¢There needs to be a sense of calmness and order in the house. If you are spanking your kid for being physical and chaotic, aren’t you adding to the  physical chaos by being physical and violent with your child? What are you teaching them? †¢Make a commitment to your child’s discipline. You have to do what you say you’re going to do. Consequences should be highly predictable for your child. †¢Define your child’s currency. What does he/she value? You can withdraw a positive (take away a favorite toy) or introduce a negative (giving a time-out) event — but be consistent. †¢Develop a child-level logic. For example, kids know that you are less likely to discipline them in public, so that’s where they’ll act out. †¢When you have a confrontation with your kid — don’t ever lose! They will miss out on the opportunity to learn an important lesson if you cave in and let them get away with a behavior that is unacceptable. †¢Two things you should NEVER say to your child if you want him/her to behave are: â€Å"I’ll give you something to cry about,† and â€Å"Wait until your father gets home.† Children can see through idle threats and will eventually ignore them. They will also take advantage of the fact that one parent doesn’t want to deal with doling out the discipline and tries to hand it over to the other parent. †¢Negotiate a disciplinary plan with your spouse in calm waters. Calm parents make calm children.