Weber Essay -- essays research papers

Max Weber was the first to observe and write on bureaucracies which developed in Germany during the 19th century. He considered them to be efficient, rational and honest, a big improvement over the haphazard administration that they replaced. The German government was better developed than that in the United States and Britain and was nearly pit to that of France. Weber saw that modern officialdom functioned according to six principles (1) Fixed and official jurisdictional areas which are ordered by rules, that is laws and administrative regulations. (2) Hierarchy and levels of order authority where the lower offices are supervised by the lavishlyer ones. (3) Management is based on official documents (the files). (4) The officials have thorough and expert training. (5) It requires the full succession work of the official. (6) Management follows rules. While these principles seem obvious today, German government agencies were pioneering modern administration to replace practices dating back to the Middle Ages owing the true to the king, dukes and the church. From the perspective of the official, Weber observed that office holding is a "vocation," that is it is a calling requiring a prescribed course of training for a long fulfilment of time and having examinations which are a prerequisite for employment. He is to be loyal to the office he holds, not to a patron. By virtue of his position, the official enjoys high social esteem. (Weber notes that this is especially weak in th...

How does J.B Priestley use dramatic devices in An Inspector Calls? Essa

Coursework How does J.B Priestley use dramatic devices in An Inspector Calls to convey his concerns and ideas to the members of the audience as well as interest and involve them in his incline? 23rd, February 2005The main theme of An Inspector Calls is province. J.BPriestley wants to show the Birlings and the audience that we allshare responsibility for other peoples welfare, and that wealthypeople have obligations to way after those less fortunate thanthemselves. Priestley uses Inspector Goole to put across his views onsociety by portraying himself as a character. Through Inspector GoolePriestley is satisfactory to emphasize that with privileges comeresponsibilities to help others. In the 1930s Priestleys main concern was the social inequality inBritain. Priestly set up The solid ground Party in 1942. Their mainarguments were public land ownership, greater democracy, and a newmorality in politics. In 1945 Priestleys party joined the dig outparty. Priestley was particularly inf luential in developing the ideaof the Welfare State, this finally took place at the end of World WarTwo.The play is set in 1912 but was written and performed in 1945. This issignificant as it allows J.B Priestley to make Mr. Birling seem evenmore ridiculous and nave. For example, he mentions how there is notgoing to be a war, however by 1945 when the play was first performedthe audience make out that there were two wars between 1914 and 1945,World War virtuoso and World War Two, which began in 1939. Mr. Birling alsomentions how the ship Titanic will not sink, unsinkable, absolutelyunsinkable. Again in 1945 the audience know that Titanic did sink,consequently the things that Mr. Birling says, the audienc... ...stley is alsoconveying his ideas here. The audience would realise that everyone isresponsible for each other. Priestley interests and involves theaudience by having a lot of tension in the play An Inspector Calls.Priestley also interests them by having an exciting plot and a widerange of characters. He involves the audience by using dramatic ridiculevery early on in the play and using characters to put across hisconcerns, such as the inspector in his speech tells the Birlingseach of you helped to kill her. This is not only aimed at thecharacters on stage but at the audience too.Priestleys message in An Inspector Calls is responsibility and howeveryone is responsible for other people, we are all linked insociety. This message is still relevant today because we still haveresponsibilities for other people and our actions do affect others.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt :: essays research papers

Franklin Delano Roosevelt is one of our countrys best known and most beloved presidents. He is commonly remembered for taking a tired, beaten, nation and instilling consent in it. This positive view of Roosevelt is held by Burns, who paints the picture of a man whose goal was to alleviate our nations economic pains. But, is this view too myopic? Is Roosevelt deserving of much(prenominal) a godly reputation? These questions are posed by Conkin as he points out the discrimination that underlies some(prenominal) New Deal programs, and even suggests that many of Roosevelts actions were for purely political motives. During the weeks preceding Roosevelts inauguration the country was engaged in an economic crisis that was quickly spiraling downward. Banks failed, people panicked, and the nation looked to someone, anyone, for help. clean, sensing the countrys desperation, but realizing his insufficiency of power, and the feelings of resentment harbored towards him looked to Roosevelt. He asked the president-elect to join in economic planning, support policies, and most importantly to reassure the nation. While both authors note Roosevelts unwillingness to cooperate with Hoover they site different reasons for it. Burns talks of Roosevelts belief that the nation was not yet his domain, and that Hoover had the authority to handle the situation. In addition, Burns excuses Roosevelt by maintaining "Roosevelt did not foresee that the banking situation would reach a dramatic climax on Inauguration day. No man could have." (P. 148) This position is an exceedingly benevolent one when contrasted with Conkins who writes Roosevelt "did nothing, and impotently watched the economy collapse, letting it appear as one last result of Republican incompetence." This measure allowed Roosevelt to emerge as the "nations savior," and ally the Democratic party with this image.Furthermore, the both authors differ in their assessment of the effect of public opinio n on Roosevelts actions. Burns gives the impression of a president who looked to engage all in his coalition. He states, politically, his cabinet "catered to almost every major group." Burns also adds, "Roosevelt did not slavishly follow the wishes of group leaders." (P. 150). Roosevelt is portrayed as the paragon of a humanitarian, "he wanted to help the underdog, though not necessarily at the expense of the top dog. He believed that private, special interests must be subordinated to the general interest." (P. 155) Conkin attempts to poke holes in this idealistic portrayal of Roosevelt.

Bone Diseases :: essays research papers fc

Bone indispositions most directlyinfluence the ability to walk or to move any part ofthe body--hands, limbs, neck, and spine. They berelated to articulatio disorders--ARTHRITIS,COLLAGEN DISEASE, DISLOCATION ofjoints, and RHEUMATISM. The medicalspecialty pertaining to bone disorders isORTHOPEDICS. Fractures be the mostcommon bone disorders. They can occur as theresult of an accident or be secondary to metabolicdiseases. Fractures are life-threatening to agedpeople having the metabolic bone diseaseOSTEOPOROSIS, in which bones becomeporous and brittle. A person, mostly women,having osteoporosis may break a hip during a falland possibly die from complications. Birth Defects inhering bone diseases constitute a widespectrum, ranging from the unimportant--forinstance, flaccid bow legs--to severe lesions, such asspina bifida, in which the lower end of the spinefails to develop properly and the baby is born withparalysis and misshapen vertebrae. Congenitaldiseases may have hormonal bas es for example,fibrous DYSPLASIA, in which fibrous tissuereplaces that of some bones, often results in bonedeformity in addition, some girls with this diseasephysically mature so early that they are capable ofpregnancy and childbirth at the age of seven.Congenital defects also may have hereditary bases,as in families who have extra fingers or toes or inthe disease osteogenesis imperfecta, in whichchildren have such brittle bones that many arefractured. Disorders of growth and developmentinclude several kinds of dwarfism and gigantism.Bones or limbs may develop deformity as theresult of known causes, such as the infectionpoliomyelitis, or unknown or variable causes, suchas curvature of the spine (SCOLIOSIS) orCLUBFOOT. Infections Infections of bone, calledosteomyelitis, are usually caused by pus-producingbacteria, especially staphylococcus andStreptococcus. Before the development ofantibiotics, children frequently contracted thisdisease. Today bone infections are introducedprimaril y through fractures and during surgicaloperations. People infected with syphilis,tuberculosis, leprosy, or yaws are susceptible tobone damage. Metabolic Disorders Metabolicabnormalities often involve defects in the storageof minerals, particularly calcium and phosphateions, in the skeleton. Diseases of the kidney cancause a metabolic imbalance of phosphate andcalcium so that weakening of the bone occurs.Other metabolic bone diseases are osteoporosis,gout, OSTEOARTHRITIS, and PAGETSDISEASE. Nutritional Disorders Nutritionaldeficiencies that result in bone damage includeRICKETS in children and osteomalacia in adults,caused by a lack of vitamin D. In children, calciumand phosphate are poorly distributed on bonesduring development, resulting especially indeformity of the legs and arms. In adults, bones ofthe spine, pelvis, and legs become demineralizedand the bones weaken. SCURVY--caused by alack of vitamin C--also affects bone tissues. Astudy in the late 1980s indicated that the minera lboron is nutritionally important, as well.Apparently, it reduces loss of the bone minerals

Iago as the Perfect Villain of Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello

Iago as the Perfect Villain of Othello Iago, the villain in Shakespeares Othello, is a round character of capacious depth and many dimensions. Iago works towards an aim that is constantly changing and becomes progressively more tragic. Yet, at times, honest Iago does actu all(prenominal)y seem honest. This essay will look the complex character of honest Iago. One of the most interesting questions that crops up is concerning Iagos motives. What are his reasons to kill every major Venetian in Cyprus? Shakespeare obviously sets the stage for Iagos actions, giving him two distinct reasons to avenge Othello. The first is the fact that Othello promotes Cassio, an arithmetician to the rank of lieutenant and passes over Iago who is but a sergeant. Secondly, Iago is suspicious of his wife, genus Emilia and thinks she is sleeping with every other man but himincluding Othello. There are other reasons that Iago talks about in his soliloquiesthe primary one being jealousy or the green-eyed mo nster. Iago resents the love that Othello and Desdemona share and also takes offence at the fact that Othello is older, yet he has a young and beautiful wife, power, and respect, all that Iago desires. However, all these reasons seem to be false and made-up just for the sake of being excuses for his malice. He also uses these reasons to convince Roderigo to hate Othello. The real motive seems but a slip on Iagos part when he says in act five, as he waits to stab Cassio If Cassio do remain, He hath a daily beauty in his life That makes me ugly... He refers to Cassios goodness here and realizes that he lacks his gentlemanly traits. They are not quite of the same class and Iago resents that, for he knows that the furtherance was not ... ... that people, who all along look up to him and call him honest Iago, realize this. Being a Shakespearean tragedy, Iago andultimatelyevil, triumphs. Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. new York Penguin, 1991. Di Yanni , Robert. Character Revealed Through Dialogue. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p. Random House, 1986. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Shakespeare. Othello. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. Rossi. New York Longman, 1999. 312-379. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Iago as the Perfect Villain of Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello

Iago as the Perfect Villain of Othello Iago, the villain in Shakespeares Othello, is a round event of great depth and many dimensions. Iago works towards an aim that is constantly changing and becomes progressively more tragic. Yet, at times, honest Iago does actu all(prenominal)y seem honest. This essay impart explore the complex character of honest Iago. One of the most interesting questions that crops up is concerning Iagos motives. What are his reasons to kill every major Venetian in Cyprus? Shakespeare seemingly sets the stage for Iagos actions, giving him two distinct reasons to avenge Othello. The first is the fact that Othello promotes Cassio, an arithmetician to the rank of lieutenant and passes over Iago who is just a sergeant. Secondly, Iago is distrustful of his wife, Emilia and thinks she is sleeping with every other man but himincluding Othello. There are other reasons that Iago talks about in his soliloquiesthe primary one macrocosm jealousy or the green-eyed mon ster. Iago resents the love that Othello and Desdemona share and also takes offence at the fact that Othello is older, yet he has a young and beautiful wife, power, and respect, all that Iago desires. However, all these reasons seem to be false and made-up just for the sake of being excuses for his malice. He also uses these reasons to convince Roderigo to hate Othello. The real motive seems but a slip on Iagos part when he says in act five, as he waits to stab Cassio If Cassio do remain, He hath a free-and-easy beauty in his life That makes me ugly... He refers to Cassios goodness here and realizes that he lacks his gentlemanly traits. They are not quite of the same class and Iago resents that, for he knows that the promotion was not ... ... that people, who all along look up to him and call him honest Iago, realize this. Being a Shakespearian tragedy, Iago andultimatelyevil, triumphs. Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York Penguin, 1991. Di Ya nni, Robert. Character Revealed Through Dialogue. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p. Random House, 1986. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Shakespeare. Othello. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. Rossi. New York Longman, 1999. 312-379. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The voltaic Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.